Communication via Text (+ Numbers) = Foundational Makes Ideas …Simplifies …Enables Transportable… Concepts… Learning Martin Luther’s Robert Recorde’s Modern ‘Public’ 95 Theses invention of ‘=’ Primary Schools (1500s) (1500s) (1800s – Present) Source: Wikimedia Commons, Google For Education, Boston City Archives Note: 1800s chosen as date of ’Modern Public Schools’ based on Byrk et al.’s ‘Catholic Schools in the Common Good.’ Though public funds had been previously used to fund primary Internet Trends education, reforms in USA cities during the 1800s were the first to establish open, secular education, similar to contemporary ‘public schools’ 74 2019